Data collection method
Data were generated through controlled laboratory experiments designed to assess the mechanical performance of locking screw–plate constructs under varying insertion torque conditions. Locking screws (3.5 mm diameter, Ti-6Al-4V) were inserted into either CFR-PEEK or Ti-6Al-4V locking plates using a calibrated torque-limiting device. Screws were inserted perpendicular to the plate at predefined target torques ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 Nm. Each construct was assembled under standardized conditions to minimise variability related to alignment, insertion angle, and operator technique.
Single-screw constructs were tested across six torque levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 Nm). Additional two-screw CFR-PEEK constructs were assembled and tested at three torque levels (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 Nm). For each construct, axial push-out testing and cantilever bending testing were performed using a mechanical testing system under displacement-controlled conditions. Load–displacement data were continuously recorded throughout testing until construct failure or predefined endpoint criteria were reached.
Screw insertion was recorded using high-resolution video for single-screw constructs, and video analysis was subsequently performed to quantify screw rotation during insertion. Rotation measurements were synchronised with applied torque values to characterise the relationship between insertion torque and angular displacement.
All testing was conducted at room temperature under consistent environmental conditions. Sampling was based on predefined experimental groups rather than random sampling, with replicate specimens tested at each torque level to allow statistical comparison of mechanical performance outcomes.