Materials and drone extrusion tests were recorded by camera, observation and manual recording. Test data were input into Microsoft Excel.

Mechanical tests took place on a 50 kN Instron Universal 2630-120/305632 device. Axial force tests were loaded at 5 mm/minute. Settlement test material was compressed at a rate of 2 mm/minute.

Trajectory design tests: Dental plaster was applied to the hand-printed specimens to create flat upper and lower surfaces for strength testing. The devices used were the Instron 2630-120/305632 and Automax 5 50-C46W2.

Flexure: prisms were tested in accordance with BS EN 12390-5:2009 (BSI, 2009), using four-point bending tests to ensure failure by flexure rather than by shear. Compressive strength used an Automax 5 50-C46W2 device in accordance with BS EN 1015-11:1999 (BSI, 1999).

Rheometer tests were conducted on a TA Instruments DHR2 rheometer at a constant temperature of 25°C. Oscillatory tests used disposable aluminium flat plates with a 40 mm base plate and 25 mm diameter upper plate. Flow tests used a steel cross-hatched 40 mm base plate and upper plate. In all rheology tests, a 1000 μm geometry gap was used and material was placed upon the base plate immediately following mixing. Displacement-controlled oscillation tests were conducted over a two-hour period. An angular velocity of 5.0x10−5 radians per second and frequency was maintained at 1 Hz.

Calorimetry tests were conducted using a Calormetrix I-Cal 4000 high precision isothermal calorimeter with chambers maintained at 20°C.

Microscopy tests: a 10 nm gold coating was applied to samples, which were placed in a JEOL SEM6480LV scanning electron microscope.