This readme.txt file was generated on 20220427 by Matthew Jones ------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- 1. Temporal and geographical variation in low carbon inhaler dispensing in England 2. Author Information Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Dr Matthew D Jones Institution: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath Address: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Email: M.D.Jones@bath.ac.uk Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Jianghan Tian Institution: School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Address: Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK Email: j.tian@bristol.ac.uk Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Dr Anita McGrogan Institution: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath Address: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Email: am399@bath.ac.uk 3. Date of data collection 201603 to 202102 4. Geographic location of data collection (where was data collected?): England 5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: JT acknowledges the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science (EP/S023593/1) for financial support and the award of a China Scholarship Council (CSC)-University of Bristol joint-funded scholarship for PhD research --------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW --------------------- 1. File List A. Packaged in raw_data_from_openprescribing.zip: 198 individual files, each named with the name of the type of inhaler to which it relates Short description: Each file describes the number of dispensed items of the specified inhaler and their total cost, by month (201603 to 202102) and clinical commissioning group. CSV format. Created 202105 B. Filename: inhaler_classification.pdf: Short description: Describes the classification of the inhalers included in this research into pharmacological classes and either pressurised metered dose inhalers or low carbon inhalers (dry powder inhalers or soft mist inhalers). PDF format. Created 20220427 C. Filename: ccg_characteristics_raw_data.csv: Short description: Clinical commissioning group characteristics obtained from publicly available data sources. CSV format. Created 202105 2. Relationship between files: N/A 3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: None 4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No -------------------------- METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION -------------------------- 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Inhaler items and cost data were downloaded from openprescribing.net at the product format level (OpenPrescribing.net, Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, University of Oxford, 2021). Clinical commissioning group (CCG) population age profiles (percentage under 15, and over 80 years old) for 2019 were obtained from the Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0. CCG asthma and COPD prevalence (%), emergency hospital admissions (EHA, per 100,000 population) and mortality rates (per 100,000 population) were obtained from Public Health England under the Open Government Licence v.3.0. Local formularies and guidelines on CCG public websites in May 2021 were reviewed to record the presence or absence of advice on the carbon footprint of inhalers and the number of recommended pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDI) and low carbon inhalers (dry powder inhalers and soft mist inhalers) in each pharmacological class. 2. Methods for processing the data: To control for changes in the volume of inhaler dispensing, the key outcome measure used in this study is the percentage of low carbon inhalers dispensed, defined as the number of low carbon inhaler items dispensed relative to the total number of pMDI and low carbon inhaler items. In addition, the average cost for pMDI and low carbon inhaler items was defined as the total cost of them items divided by the total number of items. 3. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: N/A 4. Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: N/A 5. Environmental/experimental conditions: N/A 6. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: None required. 7. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: All stages performed by Jianghan Tian (details above). ----------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: CSV files packaged in raw_data_from_openprescribing.zip ----------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 7 2. Number of cases/rows: 8100 3. Variable List (Data worksheet) A. Name: date Description: the month to which the row relates B. Name: id Description: identification number for the clinical commissioning group to which the row relates C. Name: name Description: name of the clinical commissioning group to which the row relates D. Name: y_items Description: number of dispensed items for the inhaler specified in the filename and the clinical commissioning group and month specified in the row E. Name: y_actual_cost Description: total cost of dispensed inhalers specified in the filename and the clinical commissioning group and month specified in the row F. Name: x_items Description: ignore, variable not used. G. Name: x_actual_cost Description: ignore, variable not used. 4. Missing data codes: N/A 5. Specialized formats of other abbreviations used: CCG = clinical commissioning group ----------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: ccg_characteristics_raw_data.csv ----------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 35 2. Number of cases/rows: 136 3. Variable List (Data worksheet) A. Name: ccg_name Description: clinical commissioning group (CCG) to which the row relates B. Name: total_pop Description: CCG total population C. Name: pop_under_15 Description: CCG population under 15 years old D. Name: pop_over_80 Description: CCG population over 80 years old E. Name: asthma_prev Description: prevalence of asthma (%) in CCG F. Name: asthma_eha Description: rate of emergency hospital admissions with asthma (per 100,000 population) for CCG G. Name: asthma_mr Description: asthma mortality rate (per 100,000 population) for CCG H. Name: copd_prev Description: prevalence of COPD (%) in CCG I. Name: copd_eha Description: rate of emergency hospital admissions with COPD (per 100,000 population) for CCG J. Name: copd_mr Description: copd mortality rate (per 100,000 population) for CCG K. Name: adult smoking prev Description: prevalence of smoking (%) for CCG L. Name: asthma-SABA-pMDI Description: number of short-acting beta-agonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary M. Name: asthma-SABA-LCI Description: number of short-acting beta-agonist low carbon inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary N. Name: asthma-LABA-pMDI Description: number of long-acting beta-agonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary O. Name: asthma-LABA-LCI Description: number of long-acting beta-agonist low carbon inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary P. Name: asthma-ICS-pMDI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary Q. Name: asthma-ICS-LCI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid low carbon inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary R. Name: asthma-ICS+LABA-pMDI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary S. Name: asthma-ICS+LABA-LCI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist low carbon inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary T. Name: asthma-ICS+LABA+LAMA-pMDI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist + long-acting muscarinic-antagonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary U. Name: asthma-ICS+LABA+LAMA-LCI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist + long-acting muscarinic-antagonist low carbon inhalers recommended for asthma in CCG formulary V. Name: asthma-carbon_footprint_advice Description: presence (1) or absence (0) of advice on climate change in CCG guidelines on asthma W. Name: asthma-asthama_update_date Description: last review date of asthma guidelines or formulary from which data were extracted X. Name: copd-SABA-pMDI Description: number of short-acting beta-agonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary Y. Name: copd-SABA-LCI Description: number of short-acting beta-agonist low carbon inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary Z. Name: copd-LABA-pMDI Description: number of long-acting beta-agonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AA. Name: copd-LABA-LCI Description: number of long-acting beta-agonist low carbon inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AB. Name: copd-ICS-pMDI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AC. Name: copd-ICS-LCI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid low carbon inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AD. Name: copd-ICS+LABA-pMDI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AE. Name: copd-ICS+LABA-LCI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist low carbon inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AF. Name: copd-ICS+LABA+LAMA-pMDI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist + long-acting muscarinic-antagonist pressurised metered dose inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AG. Name: copd-ICS+LABA+LAMA-LCI Description: number of inhaled corticosteroid + long-acting beta-agonist + long-acting muscarinic-antagonist low carbon inhalers recommended for COPD in CCG formulary AH. Name: copd-carbon_footprint_advice Description: presence (1) or absence (0) of advice on climate change in CCG guidelines on COPD AI. Name: copd-asthama_update_date Description: last review date of COPD guidelines or formulary from which data were extracted 4. Missing data codes: Not used 5. Specialized formats of other abbreviations used: CCG = clinical commissioning group; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS = inhaled corticosteroid; LABA = long-acting beta-agonist; LAMA = long-acting muscarinic-antagonist ; LCI = low carbon inhaler (a dry powder inhaler or a soft mist inhaler); pMDI = pressurised metered dose inhaler; SABA = short-acting beta-agonist.